Engelmann Spruce

Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) is a high-elevation conifer dominating the subalpine zone of Banff National Park. It forms dense forests with subalpine fir above the montane and persists to treeline.

Identification: Tall, narrow crown; gray, scaly bark; four-sided needles (sharp, blue-green); pendulous cones (3–7 cm). Needles roll between fingers (spruce); fir needles are flat. Cones hang down; fir cones stand upright.

Habitat: Lower to upper subalpine (1,650–2,200 m); often with subalpine fir and lodgepole pine. Prefers cool, moist slopes; common in avalanche paths and riparian areas. Near treeline, stunted krummholz form.

Ecology: Key component of subalpine forest; provides cover for wildlife and seeds for squirrels and birds. Slow-growing; long-lived. Susceptible to spruce bark beetle.