Lodgepole Pine

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) is the dominant conifer of the montane and lower subalpine zones in Banff National Park. It forms extensive stands; often pure; on valley floors, slopes, and burned or disturbed sites throughout the Bow Valley.

Identification: Tall, straight trunk; thin, scaly bark; needles in pairs (2–3 cm), twisted; small, asymmetrical cones. Serotinous cones (closed until heat) open after fire, releasing seeds that colonise burned areas. Distinguish from limber pine: lodgepole has paired needles; limber has five per fascicle.

Habitat: Montane (1,350–1,650 m) to lower subalpine; often with Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. Tolerates dry, nutrient-poor soils; thrives after fire. Lower elevations: mixed with trembling aspen and Douglas-fir.

Ecology: Fire-adapted; prescribed burning maintains lodgepole habitat. Host to mountain pine beetle; outbreaks have killed millions of trees in the Rockies. Seeds eaten by squirrels, birds; young growth browsed by elk and deer.